Evaluation of a Low-Cost Amplifier With System Optimization in Thermoacoustic Tomography: Characterization and Imaging of Ex-Vivo and In-Vivo Samples

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) is a hybrid imaging technique that combines microwave excitation with ultrasound detection to create detailed images of biological tissue. Most TAT systems require a costly amplification system (or a sophisticated high-power microwave source), which limits the wide adoption of this imaging modality. We have developed a rotating single-element thermoacoustic tomography (RTAT) system using a low-cost amplifier that has been optimized in terms of microwave signal pulse width and antenna placement. The optimized system, enhanced with signal averaging, advanced signal processing, and a deep learning computational core, successfully produced adequate-quality images. The system has been characterized in terms of spatial resolution, imaging depth, acquisition speed, and multispectral capabilities utilizing tissue-like phantoms, ex-vivo specimens and in-vivo imaging. We believe our low-cost, portable system expands accessibility for the research community, empowering more groups to explore thermoacoustic imaging. It supports the development of advanced signal processing algorithms to optimize both low-power and even high-power TAT systems, accelerating the clinical adoption of this promising imaging modality.