Review of Advances in Grid-Connected Inverters and Control Techniques for Power System Black Start

Electrical inertia, or EI, is an attribute of a power system which is often determined by the mechanical inertia of rotating machinery within a synchronous area. However, due to the influx of power electronics devices or inverter-based resources (IBR), which is resulting in a hybridized power system made up of both synchronous machines (SMs) and IBRs, the state of the power system is changing and EI is now the dominant characteristic. The widespread adoption of IBRs in contemporary power networks has led to new stability and reliability challenges, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Grid forming control (GFC) techniques are essential to ensure the smooth and steady functioning of power systems. This systematic review aims to provide an in-depth assessment of the GFC strategies for IBRs that are currently in place. A functional comparison between grid-forming inverters (GFMI) and grid-following inverters (GFLI) is conducted in order to demonstrate the potential of grid-forming inverter technologies for enhancing power system stability and resilience. The review describes the various GFC techniques and their unique operational characteristics, outlines the benefits and drawbacks of each, and evaluates how each affects the stability and dependability of the power system. It is done to compare the effectiveness of various techniques using key performance indicators like transient response, steady-state performance, and robustness. The review also identifies problems with applying GFC techniques to IBRs, as well as potential solutions to those problems. The findings of this re-view will give organizations and decision-makers in the power sector valuable information about the state-of-the-art in GFC techniques and suggest potential directions for future research and development.