Protecting Battery Health During Charge and Discharge for Electric Vehicles

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are pivotal to electric vehicles performance, efficiency, and sustainability (EVs), offering high energy density, lightweight design, and the ability to endure hundreds of charge-discharge cycles. However, they are susceptible to suboptimal operating conditions, including overcharging, under-discharging, and exposure to extreme temperatures. These can significantly degrade battery capacity, shorten lifespan, and pose safety hazards such as thermal runaway. This paper investigates advanced battery management systems (BMS) and protection mechanisms to mitigate these risks. Through optimized charge/discharge strategies, real-time monitoring, and precise temperature regulation within safe operating limits $(\mathbf{15}{{}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}}$ to $\mathbf{45}{{}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}})$, the proposed methods demonstrate the potential to reduce battery degradation by up to 30% and extend overall battery life by 20%. Additionally, integrating solid-state battery technology is explored as a promising solution to enhance battery safety, energy density, and reliability. These advancements improve the long-term performance of EV batteries and contribute to the broader goal of making electric transportation systems safer, more sustainable, and more efficient for future mobility.