Infected and Noninfected Diseases Detection for Human Health Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors: A Review

Human health is affected by a vast spectrum of ailments, collectively called diseases, which obstruct the proper functioning of the body and may stem from diverse origins, including genetic alterations, environmental factors, or pathogenic infections. These diseases are often categorized into groups, such as infectious diseases, triggered by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and noninfectious diseases, encompassing genetic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and persistent illnesses like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Infectious diseases may disseminate through direct or indirect contact, air, food, water, or vectors, whereas noninfectious diseases are frequently associated with lifestyle practices, genetic predisposition, or environmental influences. Progress in modern medicine, including vaccines, antibiotics, and diagnostic technologies, has markedly reduced the impact of numerous diseases; however, challenges continue due to the emergence of new infections, antibiotic resistance, and the escalating prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Confronting human diseases necessitates a holistic strategy that integrates public health measures, healthcare interventions, and biomedical research to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment methods, consequently improving global health outcomes. Infectious and noninfectious diseases (autoimmune disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases) caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi can be identified quickly and accurately with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. The ease and capacity of SPR technology to track biomolecular interactions enhances its adaptability, which allows early diagnosis and individualized treatment plans for a variety of medical disorders.