Replay Attacks on Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Review on Countermeasures

Smart grids have emerged as a complex structure integrating communication networks, distributed energy resources, and intelligent devices. However, this integration has resulted in the manifestation of various vulnerabilities, raising signifi-cant security concerns and challenges. Present-day smart grids are vulnerable to various cyberattacks, and researchers have dedicated efforts to detect, mitigate, and prevent these attacks using diverse techniques. This paper focuses specifically on replay attacks within smart grids, recognizing the critical need to address this particular threat. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature regarding the detection, mitigation, and prevention of replay attacks across smart grids, microgrids, and cyber-physical systems (CPSs), we aim to provide insights into effective defense strategies applicable to various interconnected energy infrastructures.