Frontiers in Quantum Antennas: Theoretical Foundations, Practical Applications, and Future Outlook

Quantum antennas represent a significant leap forward in antenna technology, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enhance communication, imaging, and sensing applications in the terahertz, infrared, and optical regimes. This review begins with an overview of the theoretical foundations for quantum antennas as open quantum systems, discussing how strong coupling and quantum state manipulation can be harnessed for practical implementations. We then examine groundbreaking advancements in quantum antenna design, including the integration of novel material configurations, such as quantum dot arrays and their interactions with photonic reservoirs. The review explores the unique quantum phenomena exhibited by these antennas, including Rabi oscillations, solitons, and non-reciprocal behavior, which set them apart from classical antennas. Additionally, we discuss the role of quantum metasurfaces in manipulating electromagnetic waves at the quantum level, opening new avenues for antenna design and functionality. Understanding these quantum effects enables the optimization of antenna performance for emerging applications in quantum communication, where enhanced security and efficiency are paramount. Finally, this comprehensive analysis not only bridges the gap between classical and quantum antennas but also underscores the remarkable potential of quantum antennas, highlighting future directions and their evolving role in emerging technologies