Battery Management System: Threat Modeling, Vulnerability Analysis, and Cybersecurity Strategy

The Battery Management System (BMS) plays a crucial role in modern energy storage technologies, ensuring battery safety, performance, and longevity. However, as the BMS becomes more sophisticated and interconnected, it faces increasing cybersecurity challenges that can lead to catastrophic failures and safety hazards. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of cyberattacks targeting both traditional and wireless BMS. It explores various attack vectors, including malware injection, electromagnetic interference (EMI), temperature sensing manipulation, sensor malfunctioning and fault injection, and jamming attacks on modern BMS. Through threat modeling and vulnerability analysis, this paper examines the potential impacts on BMS functionality, safety, and performance. We highlight vulnerabilities associated with different BMS architectures and components, emphasizing the need for robust cybersecurity measures to protect against emerging threats. Cybersecurity measures are essential to protect the system from potential threats that could trigger false alarms, cause malfunctions, or lead to dangerous failures. Unauthorized access or tampering with the BMS can disrupt its fault response mechanisms, jeopardizing system performance and associated resources. Key cybersecurity strategies include intrusion detection systems (IDS), crypto-based authentication, secure firmware updates, and hardware-based security mechanisms such as trusted platform modules (TPMs). These measures strengthen BMS resilience by preventing unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity. Our findings are essential for mitigating risks in various sectors, including electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy, and grid storage. They underscore the importance of ongoing research and development of adaptive security strategies to safeguard BMS against evolving cyber threats. Additionally, we propose a trust mechanism that secures the connection between input sensors and the BMS, ensuring the reliability and safety of battery-powered systems across various industries.