Comparative Analysis of Backup Energy Solutions for Electric Vehicle Evacuations During Grid Failures

As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to rise, securing reliable energy solutions to power EV s during evacuations caused by disasters, especially when the electric grid fails, becomes increasingly critical. This paper evaluates various backup energy options, including conventional fuels like diesel, natural gas, and propane, as well as emerging zero-emission technologies, such as electrochemical batteries and clean fuels, based on important metrics such as energy density and self-discharge rates. Additionally, the study estimates the land requirements for different backup energy solutions across various evacuation scales. The findings offer valuable insights for emergency planners and policymakers, helping to improve emergency preparedness.