Building penetration loss at 2 GHz for mobile communications at high elevation angles by HAPS

We examine the building penetration loss at 2 GHz in the case of high altitude platform stations (HAPS). The HAPS system will be used for 3G mobile communications. In order to investigate outdoor to indoor propagation at the high elevation angles involved in this system, we developed a 3-D ray tracing tool. The tool was used for the case of a block of 9 buildings in a Manhattan scenario and the building penetration loss was calculated at several elevation angles. It is concluded that the penetration loss is an increasing function of the elevation angle.