Automated Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System for Enhanced Photovoltaic Efficiency

Due to the effects of global warming, harnessing solar energy has become increasingly crucial for sustainable energy production. However, the efficiency of solar cells in energy production remains relatively low, typically around $15-20 \%$. Therefore, solar tracking systems are essential to enhance energy production efficiency by keeping solar panels perpendicular to the sun’s rays. This study focuses on the design and implementation of a dual-axis solar tracker using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The system employs four Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) as input sensors to detect the sun’s position and two Micro Servo Motors as the output to adjust the solar panel’s orientation. This study uses a ${1 W}, {6 V}, 167 \mathrm{~mA}$ polycrystalline solar panel. Integrating tracking technology not only improves efficiency but also significantly increases power output. The results show that the system achieved relatively consistent voltage readings of 4.15-5.8 volts throughout the day under clear weather conditions, with measurements taken at one-hour intervals. This consistency, compared to the 2.5-4.1 volts from a fixed panel system, demonstrates the effectiveness of the dual-axis tracking system in optimizing solar energy capture and efficiency.