Comprehensive Review on the Charging Technologies of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Their Impact on Power Grid

In the near future the conventional fuel-based transportation system is expected to be entirely replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to their significant environmental benefits. While contemporary charging technologies demonstrate great potential to accelerate the growth of the EV market, several challenges remain to be addressed for their widespread advancement. The primary concerns of EV charging technology include charging time, speed, cost, reliability, power converter performance, and its impact on the utility grid. With this background, this study provides a detailed overview of various charging topologies used in EVs, which encompass the charging methods, power levels, as well as unidirectional and bidirectional AC-DC and DC-DC converters. Each analysis is carried out according to the viewpoints, effects, efficiency, power density, transfer speed, reliability, and limitations of charging converters, for both slow and fast-charging phenomena. It explores diverse EV charging methods, including CC, WC, and swapping stations, focusing on on-board and off-board charging, as well as advanced wireless technologies like inductive, capacitive, and optical charging. Moreover, EV charging impacts on the electrical grid are discussed, focusing on waveform distortion, voltage fluctuations, grid stability, frequency regulation, reactive power compensation, and load management. It emphasizes how EV helps balance out grid oscillations brought on by the unpredictability of the power grid. To explore the current charging techniques and suggest modern solutions, a deep literature assessment is undertaken to identify exciting research gaps. This research bridges gaps in the current model and opens possibilities for future solutions by thoroughly examining EV interactions with the smart grid. Ultimately, this review will aid academics in driving further research and development while offering industry professionals valuable guidance for optimizing and implementing reliable and efficient EV charging solutions.