Seasonal Dynamics in Energy Cost Optimization of Commercial Buildings with Integrated Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Systems

This paper presents an energy management system (EMS) for commercial customers in southern Finland, equipped with photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and electric vehicles (EVs). The model manages EV charging schedules and explores vehicle-to-grid (V2G) dynamics, effectively reducing energy procurement costs and accommodating seasonal variations. The energy management problem is implemented in GAMS as a mixed-integer linear programming model that utilizes real load, PV generation, EV driving patterns, and temperature variation across various seasons. Moreover, the customer’s BESS is investigated to explore the export potential in an urban environment under a significantly high load demand. Results show percentage cost savings for three customers at 3.46%, 4.07%, and 9.26%, with export potential up to 878 kW, 757 kW, and 428 kW, respectively, highlighting the benefits of renewable sources and storage systems for energy management in similar large-scale facilities.