Runway-Slope Illusions: A Systematic Review and Experimental Insights with Implications for Future Research

Runway slope illusions, a significant challenge in aviation, can distort pilots’ perception during critical phases of flight, particularly approach and landing. This study explores the susceptibility of pilots to these illusions in a controlled simulator environment using virtual reality technology. A systematic review of existing literature was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, revealing a notable gap in experimental studies directly addressing runway slope illusions. Subsequently, an experimental investigation was designed where 15 pilots performed repeated approaches to runways with varying slopes. Key performance metrics such as mean deviation from the ideal glide slope, standard deviation, RMSE, and time spent below the glide slope were analyzed. Although no statistically significant differences were found across the different runway slopes, patterns emerged, highlighting performance variability, especially on upslope runways. The findings underscore the need for further research into the effects of runway slope illusions on pilot performance, particularly under varying flight conditions.