Adaptive Controller Design and Power Loss Analysis of Resistive and Inductive Cell Balancing During Static, Charging, and Discharging Mode

A key feature of a battery management system is cell balancing for series-connected lithium-ion cells. Numerous cell balancing methods have been studied in the literature and are categorised into two categories: active and passive. The cheapest and simplest method of cell balancing without complex management is passive cell balancing, although it wastes energy through heat generation and leaves room for overcharge and discharge owing to a lack of control. There are many active cell balancing topologies available, but the one that is being presented is based on a single inductor, which has the advantages of requiring the fewest possible components, being inexpensive, being tiny, and having high efficiency and quick cell balancing speed. The fundamental resistor cell balancing technique is also implemented. The battery pack is made up of four series-connected cells. To test the accuracy of the balancing topology, each cell has a unique initial SOC condition. Two cases and three operating modes-static, charging, and discharging-have been tested. The balance time and switching frequency are both fixed, and power loss calculations are performed to compare the effectiveness of the two approaches.