A Survey of the Programming Paradigms used in Programming Languages

This article aims to explore and classify the programming paradigms (PPs) used in programming languages (PLs). It consists of four parts: a brief introduction, an experimental section analyzing 90 PLs created between 1957 and 2024 based on four criteria. The findings are presented in tables and graphs, including a catalog of PLs, a table mapping PLs to PPs and multi-paradigms, and charts showing the creation of PLs by year, relationships between PPs and PLs, and the use of multi-paradigms in PLs. The study reveals that the years 1980 and 1995 saw the highest number of PLs created. 73% of all considered PLs apply 2 or more styles, with the functional and imperative style being the most applied.