A Review of Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Power Transformers

In the evolving landscape of critical infrastructure security, the increasing sophistication of cyber threats poses challenges, particularly to the power grid’s new technology infrastructure. Despite traditionally being considered passive elements, power transformers, as critical components of the grid, are now equipped with smart technologies and intelligent monitoring systems. These enhancements, while beneficial for asset management, inadvertently increase their vulnerability to cyber threats. Existing literature predominantly focuses on the cybersecurity of smart grids, mainly utilising model-based detection methods. Yet, there’s a noticeable gap in research on the cybersecurity of critical power components, notably power transformers, within the network. Our paper addresses this oversight by pioneering the examination of cybersecurity challenges presented by smart transformers. We introduce a comprehensive architecture and a well-formed taxonomy of cyber-physical attacks relevant to smart transformers. We present a detailed analysis of smart transformers’ topology, identifying vulnerable components and illustrating the ramifications of cybersecurity breaches. Finally, we discuss potential future cybersecurity challenges facing smart transformers. Our findings underscore the need for integrating advanced cybersecurity measures into the development of online condition monitoring systems, safeguarding power transformers against evolving cyber threats while paving the way for more resilient power grids.