Data Gathering and Resource Measuring

Logging and debugging facilities of computer operating systems as well as subsystem-specific tools do not provide sufficient information and cannot cope with the volume and frequency required for data acquisition within the operating system. This has led to several highly versatile dynamic operation system kernel instrumentation frameworks, such as SystemTap and DTrace. These frameworks minimize the performance impact on normal operation and allow complex analyses. However, such event-based analyses need to be programmed in a complicated imperative manner at a rather low level of abstraction. Conversely, a more recent framework, PiCO QL, offers a declarative, and thus more powerful, database-like interface to the kernel state. However, it is not able to trace events. We present kCQL, an approach that aims at providing the best of both worlds. Based on an extendable data model, declarative database-like queries can acquire and combine event streams and system states. This simplifies the development of complex data analyses. At the same time, a common data model and architecture provide the optimization of query execution and the reuse of common subexpressions of different queries. The approach has numerous practical applications, which are discussed at the end of the section. Wireless sensor networks have matured to a point that they are ready for their integration into industrial applications. However, before performing any real-world roll-out, some aspects need detailed analysis. In addition to checks for the application performance and durability, system modularity and energy neutrality are two important concerns requiring accurate analysis. These requirements led to the development of PhyNetLab, a test bed for material flow and warehousing applications on wireless sensor networks. Entities in industrial systems should be highly modular to enable flexible and reusable systems, and to ease the process of updating or upgrading system components after deployment. This provides easy-to-setup systems that are dynamically improvable while minimizing post-deployment modification effort and costs. Hence, required design principles for both hardware and software is explained by the case study of the PhyNetLab test bed. Energy neutrality is a fundamental requirement for wireless sensor networks in logistics and production, because the infeasability of battery management of several thousand network nodes will contracept any endeavor to become wireless here. This section shows several means to achieve energy neutrality by using energy harvesting, automatically generated energy models, and online energy accounting. In addition to the hardware requirements, an industrial scale wireless sensor network also has several software requirements, and these are narrowed down even further when implementing a test bed for such a use case. Most importantly, PhyNetLab uses Kratos, a real-time operating system based on C++ and AspectC++ that allows modular, maintainable, and highly configurable code. Next to the language and framework properties, Kratos employs energy consumption accounting for peripheral devices while still running under heavy resource constraints. The effectiveness and usability of the PhyNetLab test bed is further showcased by presenting a material handling process of a production system that was entirely built using PhyNetLab. Not only does it serve as a proof of concept for such a test bed, it also provides insights for possible future works discussed at the end of this section. Over the past few decades, batteries have played a central role in the design of wireless sensing systems. Large storage devices provide a stable energy supply, ensuring long system lifetimes even when energy consumption is highly variable. This storage capacity is a central tenet in the design of time-based sensing applications, which can gather information about the system’s surroundings periodically. While a large energy storage capacity has certain benefits, it also has several drawbacks. They have limited recharge cycles, are costly to manufacture, and possibly include harmful, poisonous materials. They can also increase the form factor significantly, and impose restrictions on the temperature range of operation. Current trends point toward the deployment of billions of interconnected sensing devices gathering information from their surroundings, also known as the Internet of Things (IoT) ). For this vision to become a reality, power systems will need to be small, cheap, low-maintenance, reliable, efficient, and scalable. While energy flow is absolutely necessary for IoT devices to function, large energy storage capacity is not. Minimized energy provisioning will make the IoT more economically viable and environmentally friendly. It also restricts the use of high-power peripherals and introduces intermittence, raising new challenges in application development. This contribution presents an overview of the main challenges for low-power sensing with limited energy storage. Starting from hardware considerations for high-efficiency energy harvesting, the benefits and limitations of batteryless sensors are investigated. New software techniques are deemed necessary to address these limitations, requiring close synergies between low-power software and hardware components.