Kyberator: A High-Efficiency FPGA-Based Multi-Mode CRYSTALS-Kyber Accelerator for Quantum-Resistant Security Applications

Hardware development for CRYSTALS-Kyber is essential to prevent future quantum computer attacks. However, existing CRYSTALS-Kyber hardware often has low performance and lacks the flexibility to support the three operation modes: key generation, encryption, and decryption. To address this issue, we propose the Multi-Mode CRYSTALS-Kyber Accelerator, named Kyberator, which supports all three operation modes with high speed and hardware efficiency. Notably, this paper is the first to analyze the real-time performance at an actual system-on-chip (SoC) level on an embedded FPGA platform, demonstrating that the power-delay product of the Kyberator is 4.9 to 10.1 times greater than that of the most powerful current CPUs. Compared with related works on FPGA, the Kyberator is at least 2.1 times better in terms of area-delay product and offers better flexibility.