A Vision of 3GPP Wireless Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles: Scenarios, Architectures, Security Challenges, Solutions, and Future Trends

Sensing technologies tailored for intelligent vehicles have significantly improved user experience and facilitated the progression toward autonomous driving. However, traditional sensing technologies often face stringent environmental requirements and practical challenges. The emergence of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) has led to proposals advocating the utilization of wireless mobile communication networks for vehicle sensing purposes. In this paper, we identify 21 distinct vehicle sensing scenarios based on the 3GPP standard and propose 6 major architectures (comprising a total of 29 specific detailed architectures) aligned with the 5G/6G systems. Additionally, we provide a comparison of the delays associated with the proposed architectures. Furthermore, we address key security concerns and propose authorization and authentication schemes tailored to typical vehicle sensing scenarios. Lastly, we explore future trends in vehicle sensing, considering the integration of other technologies such as edge computing and digital twin.