Comprehensive Analysis and Measurement Procedures for Power Density in Millimeter Wave Frequency Devices

The widespread use of Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network systems is driving a significant transformation in the way society uses wireless technology. This phenomenon arises as a consequence of the implementation of contemporary radio transmission systems, exemplified by the utilization of cuttingedge techniques such as millimeter wave beamforming on mobile devices. Understanding the issues regarding human exposure to radiation in the range of this new technology is crucial for device designs to comply with relevant regulatory bodies. This article provides an overview of the topic, with a focus on millimeter wave frequencies, presenting detailed discussions on exposure level assessment and certification procedures based on international standards. In addition to analyzing procedures outlined in international guidelines, a novel and innovative Machine Learning based methodology is introduced to expedite the product certification process to the fullest extent. Measurements were also carried out in a highly advanced setup to evaluate the expressions for calculating spatial-average power density (sPD), the new restriction for frequencies above 6 GHz. Each of the expressions presented in international standards is suitable for specific contexts associated with the field regions where the measurement is performed, necessitating their combined use. In general, this study provides technical support to national regulatory authorities, manufacturers of millimeter wave devices, and dosimetry measurement laboratories, benefiting the entire production chain.