Design and Development of Solar Powered Smart Fish Tank for Hatchling Cultivation with IoT-Based Monitoring

Overfishing has significantly reduced fish stocks in many areas, coinciding with a rise in population, thereby increasing the demand for seafood. Fish farming serves as a means to supplement this demand; evaluating water quality is paramount in aquaculture, particularly in cultivating fish hatchlings. Real-time monitoring for water parameters is crucial for assessing the health of fish farms. In the absence of an effective monitoring and management system, fish farmers lack essential knowledge about crucial water parameters, resort to outdated health assessment methods, and face the risk of fish mortality due to unpredictable weather and environmental factor. This research showcases the utilization of Internet of Things (IoT), making the fish farmer monitor the water quality by assessing it with a real-time monitoring, through the SEN0161 $\mathbf{p H}$ sensor for potential of hydrogen ($\mathbf{p H}$) level, DS18B20 temperature sensor for water temperature, and HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor for draining and refilling system. The study outlines the outcome of average water parameters monitoring in fish tanks for fish hatchling cultivation, including $\mathbf{p H}$ level of (7.836) and water temperature of $\mathbf{(2 6. 5}$ °C). In addition, the researchers evaluate the sensors’ accuracy, with the pH sensor achieving $91.12 \%$ accuracy and the temperature sensor achieving $96.48 \%$ accuracy. The t-test results, with a P-value of 0.026, confirmed that the two tanks have significant differences, and the developed system introduced a significant result in mitigating the mortality of fish compared to the tank with no automation. Lastly, the monitoring system is assisted with a photovoltaic (PV) system for continuous power supply against power interruption.