Evaluation of Primary Drivers Impacting Frequency Response of Power Grid Under Different IBR Penetration Levels

As the penetration level of renewable energy resources continues to increase in the modern power system, the frequency response analysis becomes increasingly complex due to the dominance of inverter-based resources (IBRs), leading to different dynamic responses compared with synchronous generators (SGs). Thus, we explored the IBR-dominated system, examining its impact on frequency responses due to less available kinetic energy. The frequency responses from the various renewable resources and different types of fast frequency responses, such as the frequency-responsive reserves throughout the energy storage system or the inertial response from the IBRs, are examined through the electromechanical simulation (e.g., positive sequence load flow – PSLF). Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated the frequency responses and behaviors of the IBRs in the bulk power system using different resource types of generic IBR models adhering to the modeling guidelines and eventually organized the factors affecting the frequency responses throughout the multiple case studies.