Exploring the Challenges in Building Information Modeling (BIM) During the Design Phase: Evidence From Cross-Country Studies

Building information modeling (BIM) is transforming the construction life cycle. Nonetheless, there is a notable gap in research regarding the key challenges associated with BIM. This study aims to investigate the primary challenges in the design phase and their implications for project success. To address these objectives, cross-country case studies were conducted in four large engineering companies from the USA, Canada, Brazil, and United Arab Emirates. Data were collected through 23 semi-structured interviews with managers, engineers and directors, and content analysis was performed using NVIVO software. The resulting coding structure revealed the following categories: organizational and cultural issues, professional and knowledge issues, technological and operational issues, cost issues, BIM specific issues, design issues, data issues, and information and communication issues. The findings highlighted the most significant challenge as the lack of BIM knowledge or expertise. Additionally, an important enabler in the design phase is the accuracy of data provided by BIM, which enhances project management analysis. Finally, the BIM challenges and enablers influence various benefits dimensions, particularly on the efficiency.