A Novel State Machine-Fractional Order PID Control Strategy for Energy Management Framework to Optimize the Consumption From Fuel Cell in DC Microgrid

This paper addresses the critical issue of efficient power management and hydrogen consumption in DC microgrids powered by fuel cells. A novel energy management strategy involving a State Machine control (SMC) combined with a Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FO-PID) controller, optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) Algorithm (GWO-SMC-FPID), has been proposed. The key advantage of this approach lies in its enhanced controller stability and efficiency compared to traditional methods. The efficacy of the proposed system has been demonstrated through several performance metrics: hydrogen consumption ( $Fu\_H_{2}Com$ ) is reduced to 250 g, overall system efficiency ( $\eta $ ) is improved to 83.53%, battery state of charge ( $SoC_{batt}$ ) and supercapacitor state of charge ( $SoC_{sup}$ ) are effectively managed. Additionally, a novel methodology for assessing the stress on each energy source using instantaneous power analysis has been introduced, which is critical for extending the lifecycle of the system components. Comprehensive simulations validate the robustness and reliability of the proposed methodology, showcasing significant improvements over classical state machine and traditional PID controllers in terms of hydrogen consumption, efficiency, and stress management. This work significantly advances the field of energy management in DC microgrids by introducing an innovative, optimized strategy for improving system performance and resource utilization.