The Impact of GPS Interference in the Middle East

The use of Satellite Navigation Systems (SNS) has become indispensable for modern weather forecasting and avi-ation. However, the reliability of these systems is increasingly threatened by spoofing and jamming attacks, which can have severe consequences on weather balloon tracking networks and commercial flight paths. This paper focuses on the security implications of SNS spoofing and jamming in the Middle East region, examining how these types of attacks can impact weather forecasting models, air traffic control systems, and the overall safety of air travel. The study involves a comprehensive analysis using software-defined radio (SDR) systems to track planes and weather balloons, presenting detailed findings on the prevalence and characteristics of SNS spoofing attacks in the region. The manipulation or jamming of SNS signals severely compromises the reception of weather balloons, leading to inaccurate or incom-plete atmospheric measurements and thus undermining weather forecasting accuracy. Furthermore, the navigation systems used by commercial airliners and private aircraft are also vulnerable to these attacks, potentially jeopardising the safety of passengers and crew. This paper discusses various mitigation measures to minimise the effects of these attacks on commercial flights and air traffic control systems. By analysing the data collected, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing debate about the security and reliability of SNS, especially in regions where the stakes are highest. The findings underscore the urgent need for robust countermeasures to detect and mitigate SNS interference, ensuring the continued reliability of critical infrastructure and the safety of air travel.