Implementing Biomass Co-firing in Indonesia to Achieve Net Zero Emissions: A Comprehensive Review and SWOT Analysis

Burning fossil fuels, notably coal, significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, with coal accounting for 66% of the 2022 electricity mix. Biomass co-firing emerges as a key step toward achieving net zero emissions by 2060. This study evaluates biomass co-firing's role in reaching net zero emission (NZE), employing a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) analysis. Findings indicate that its implementation in Indonesian coal-fired power plants (CFPP) is minimal. Advantages of biomass co-firing include Indonesia's abundant biomass, cost-effective and straightforward technology, and its potential to cut carbon emissions. However, drawbacks such as lower energy content, decreased efficiency and reliability, and higher costs pose challenges. Opportunities for biomass co-firing involve contributing to NZE 2060 goals, prevalent CFPP use, and governmental support through biomass standards and policies. Threats to its adoption include CFPP phase-outs, supply shortages, price volatility, and deforestation concerns.