A bi-objective approach to power system restoration with renewable participation

Unprecedented events may cause power system failures and blackouts whose impact may be highly destructive. It is therefore of extreme importance to design and operate power systems that ensure high resilience and efficient restoration plans in case of blackouts. While renewable energy sources (RES) are invaluable assets for a sustainable future, the uncertainty present in RES-dominated systems poses a challenge in developing optimal restoration strategies. We address this challenge in determining optimal generator start-up sequences through a novel mathematical formulation and solution methodology that incorporate the uncertainty in renewable participation by means of chance constraints. The novel formulation outperforms the state-of-the-art formulation for solving the deterministic problem for medium- and large-scale instances as well as provides the optimal restoration time in a matter of seconds on a medium-scale network for the stochastic problem. We further provide insightful observations with respect to renewable contribution under different confidence levels and optimization objectives.