Bacterial Communications and Computing in Internet of Everything (IoE)

Advancements in molecular communication (MC) have underscored the importance of bacterial communication, given their frequent use in MC models. Understanding bacterial communication, signaling, and engineering techniques is essential to address their inherent biological variability and enhance these models. Additionally, bacterial computing offers promising applications in environmental monitoring and biological computing networks, significantly boosting adaptability and responsiveness. This paper reviews bacterial communication and computing, linking them to the Internet of Everything (IoE). It explores how bacterial interactions at small scales contribute to universal interconnectedness, thereby strengthening cross-field communication. The review identifies bacterial mechanisms that have the potential to revolutionize traditional communication systems by highlighting their adaptability and response capabilities. Furthermore, the paper introduces the concept of integrated sensing, communication, and computing (ISCC) using bacteria, proposing innovative strategies to improve communication rate, reliability, and system performance. These insights suggest novel research avenues, aiming to advance the understanding and application of bacterial sensing, communication, and computing in MC models. By integrating these capabilities, the paper aims to pave the way for future advancements in both theoretical and practical aspects of MC, contributing to the broader field of interconnected technologies.