Exploring V2G Potential in Tokyo: The Impact of User Behavior Through Multi-Agent Simulation

To advance sustainable development and achieve carbon neutrality, promoting renewable energy and electric vehicles are essential. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology plays a crucial role in integrating energy and mobility sectors. The uniqueness of V2G system lies in their diverse user base, whose behaviors significantly influence the system’s effectiveness and operational efficiency. However, existing V2G potential studies often overlook the behavioral characteristics of individual users and their responses to policies and system rules. Our research aims to analyze the potential of V2G systems with a focus on user behavior and the impact of policies and system rules at the city level. We propose a new framework that places user behavior at the core of V2G system analysis. Based on this framework, we developed an Agent-Based Model (ABM). Using ABM, we analyzed the potential of V2G, with Tokyo, Japan, as a case study. This city-scale assessment revealed the significant impact of user behavior on V2G efficiency and the inherent uncertainties. Notably, we observed that as the user base expands, system uncertainties diminish, making the overall system uncertainty negligible in larger user pools.