A Review on Current Trends of Human Papillomavirus: Need for Prompt Action

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a broad group of viruses, with over 200 distinct species known to date. These viruses are classed as low-risk or high-risk based on their relationship with specific disorders. A protein sheath surrounds a double-stranded DNA core in HPV particles. The viral genome encodes proteins that are required for viral replication and cellular transformation. The majority of HPV-related cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with serious health consequences. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the viruses that are primarily of concern. Most of HPV transmission occurs from skin-to-skin contact, especially during sexual intercourse. Due to this mode of transmission, HPV is among the most widespread STIs (sexually transmitted diseases) worldwide. The virus can infect both men and women, and many people carry HPV without experiencing any symptoms. Prevention is a critical component of combating HPV-related illnesses. Vaccines for several of the most carcinogenic HPV types have been developed. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients can now be reliably diagnosed without cytological evidence, thanks to HPV DNA testing technique. It is more accurate in identifying those who are susceptible to cervical cancer. Vaccination against HPV can prevent cervical cancer (primary prevention). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has currently approved the use of three preventive HPV vaccines. The vaccines have shown effectiveness for lowering the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related illnesses in countries with high vaccination rates. Increased vaccination rates are the goal of public health initiatives in an effort to further reduce the incidence of HPV-related illnesses. The shift toward more tailored treatments, such as precision medicine and therapeutic vaccinations, opens up new possibilities for treating HPV infections and related problems.