Optimal Configuration of Grid-Forming Energy Storage System Based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm

This paper investigates the optimal configuration of grid-forming energy storage systems (GFM-ESS) in a power grid with a high proportion of renewable energy using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The model aims to minimize the GFM-ESS capacity while ensuring that transient overvoltage remain within safe limits in wind farms. The optimization model incorporates penalties for transient overvoltage exceeding a specific threshold. The algorithm iteratively determines the best capacity and location of GFM-ESS to stabilize the system and maintain secure voltage levels. The simulation results confirm that strategic GFM-ESS deployment can significantly improve the stability and resilience of power grids integrated with high shares of renewable energy.