Stabilization of Multiple Electric Springs Against False Data Injection Attacks

Electric Springs (ESs) are integrated into non-critical loads (NLs) to form smart loads (SLs) to mitigate bus voltage fluctuations in power grids with high penetration of renewable energies. Distributed ESs demonstrate superior performance in regulating both active and reactive power. However, there is limited research on false data injection (FDI) attacks affecting the secondary control of multiple ESs. This paper aims to bridge the gap by using a distributed sliding mode observer (DSMO) to detect and compensate the attacks signals based on the state variable from local and neighboring SLs. A leader-follower protocol is applied for grid-level voltage regulations based on the optimized local control with full considerations of dynamic response and steady-state offsets. The stability and convergence of the DSMO are guaranteed by proper coefficient designs. Both simulation and experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical control for multiple ESs to stabilize bus voltages against FDI attacks.