Modelling and Control of Grid Forming Converters: A Systematic Review

In electrical power systems where the proportion of synchronous generators (SG) is gradually decreasing, grid-forming (GFM) converters need to be installed and controlled to meet all the system requirements that SGs have provided to date. Modeling, control, and implementation of GFM converters have been the subject of numerous studies in recent years, particularly in the context of ensuring grid stability during the transition to non-synchronous renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the modeling and control of grid-connected converters. In particular, the focus is placed on GFM-type control structures, objectives, and applications. Both grid-following (GFL) and GFM control structures are detailed. Then, the objectives of controlling GFM converters in power systems are discussed in detail. Finally, some completed and ongoing GFM installation projects around the world are summarized under the subheadings of battery energy storage system (BESS), GFM wind, hybrid, and high voltage direct current (HVDC).