Fusion of Multi-Task Neurophysiological Data to Enhance the Detection of Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence ranging from 6.1 to 9.4%. The main symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and even destructive behaviors that may have a long-term negative influence on learning performance or social relationships. Early diagnosis and treatment provide the best chance of reducing and managing symptoms. Currently, ADHD diagnosis relies on behavioral observations and ratings by clinicians and parents. Medical diagnosis of ADHD was reported to be delayed because of a global shortage of well-trained clinicians, the heterogeneous nature of ADHD, and combined comorbidities. Therefore, alternative ways to increase the efficiency of early diagnosis are needed. Previous studies used behavioral and neurophysiological data to assess patients with ADHD, yielding an accuracy range from 56.6% to 92%. Several factors were shown to affect the detection rate, including methods and tasks used and the number of electroencephalogram (EEG) channels. Given that children with ADHD have difficulty sustaining attention, in this study, we tested whether data from multiple tasks with different difficulties and prolonged experiment times can probe the levels of brain resources engaged during task performance and increase ADHD detection. Specifically, we proposed a Deep Neural Network-based (DNN) fusion model of multiple tasks to enhance the detection of ADHD. Methods & Results: Forty-nine children with ADHD and thirty-two typically developing children were recruited. Analytic results show that the fusion of multi-task neurophysiological data can increase the separation rate to 89%, whereas a single data type can only achieve a best accuracy of 81%. Moreover, the use of multiple tasks helps distinguish between children with ADHD and typically developing children. Our results suggest that different neurophysiological models from multiple tasks can provide essential information to assist in ADHD screening. In conclusion, the proposed model offers a more efficient, and accurate alternative for early clinical diagnosis and management of ADHD. The application of artificial intelligence and multimodal neurophysiological data in clinical settings sets a precedent for digital health, paving the way for future advancements in the field.