3-D Full-Waveform Inversion of the “Snowflake” Baseline Dataset: Toward Monitoring of CO₂ Storage Through Inversion of Multioffset, Multiazimuth VSP Data at the Newell County Facility in Alberta, Canada

The carbon capture and storage (CCS) project is gaining attention for its role in greenhouse gas reduction. In the CCS project, monitoring injected CO2 is crucial for safe and sustainable operation. The Containment and Monitoring Institute (CaMI) project has been launched to secure CO2 monitoring techniques, particularly using the time-lapse seismic survey. In this work, we apply 3-D acoustic full-waveform inversion (FWI) to the walk-away and walk-around vertical seismic profiling data. To construct a baseline P-wave velocity model for future monitoring studies, we compare the performance of 2-D and 3-D FWI on this data. We first conduct a synthetic FWI test using a 1-D velocity model created from well-log data to identify optimal parameters and potential issues. Finally, we apply FWI to real data and analyze the inverted results. As a result, compared with 2-D FWI, we verify that 3-D FWI can be a valuable tool to build a baseline model, anticipating its future extension into 4-D seismic monitoring.