Optimizing Vehicle-to-Grid Integration With Novel Energy Management Strategies and Battery Cost Considerations for Enhanced Microgrid Operations

Electric vehicles that can connect to the grid are becoming more important in today's power networks as a means of balancing the grid's supply and demand in different situations. The utility operators and regulators have a number of issues in this changing paradigm, one of which is the development of energy management methods for the practical and economical use of V2G. To make the most of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and manage power outages in microgrids that are linked to the grid, this article suggests two energy management practices. There are two main points made by the article. To begin, it suggests a new way to bid on PEVs that provide V2G by factoring in the expected cost of battery deterioration when incorporating them into microgrid operations. Secondly, considering the reliability of energy demand and supply forecasts as well as market pricing, two energy management methodologies are suggested for integrating V2G into microgrid operations. A multi-agent system built in the Apache Agent expansion framework is used to implement the suggested V2G integration techniques. This system is then deployed to a microgrid case study. If there is a large fluctuation in energy prices and the cost of PEV batteries is low, the simulation results and their analysis demonstrate that V2G may be used to achieve maximum depths of discharge.