Mobile Networks Toward 5G/6G: Network Architecture, Opportunities and Challenges in Smart City

This research meticulously delves into the dynamic evolution of mobile networks, specifically charting the course from 4G to 6G within the context of smart cities. It carefully illuminates the distinct roles played by 5G and 6G, highlighting their unique mobility characteristics. Motivated by observed challenges in handover scenarios, particularly in urban and high-speed environments like trains, the study addresses the complexities of implementing Distributed Mobility Management during inter-handover shifts, revealing a 38% success rate in Handover Failure (HOF) recovery. A thorough analysis ensues, scrutinizing the message structures of various protocols and their extensions employed to address handover challenges. The paper not only identifies limitations but also proposes innovative protocol schemes to overcome inter-handover link failures and delays. Introducing the novel SRNEMO DMM framework, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ongoing research efforts and potential future directions, reshaping the landscape of handover scenarios in high-traffic urban environments.