Analysis and Empirical Validation of Visible Light Path Loss Model for Vehicular Sensing and Communication

Advancements in lighting systems and photodetectors provide opportunities to develop viable alternatives to conventional communication and sensing technologies, especially in the vehicular industry. Most of the studies that propose visible light in communication or sensing adopt the Lambertian propagation (path loss) model. This model requires knowledge and utilization of multiple parameters to calculate the path loss such as photodetector area, incidence angle, and distance between transmitter and receiver. In this study, a simplified path loss model that is mathematically more tractable is proposed for vehicular sensing and communication systems that use visible light technology. Field measurement campaigns are conducted to validate the performance and limits of the developed path loss model. The proposed model is used to fit the data collected at different ranges of incident angles and distances. Further, this model can be used for designing visible light-based communication and sensing systems to minimize the complexity of the Lambertian path loss model, particularly for cases where the incident angle between transmitter and receiver is relatively small.