A Survey of Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Protocols for Energy Efficient Environmental Monitoring Systems

This article presents a comprehensive review focusing on Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs). It emphasizes the interplay between Wireless Medium Access Control (WMAC) and routing protocols, specifically addressing channel allocation and route identification for energy efficiency in HWSNs. Through an intensive exploration, the article details crucial energy opti-mization and load balancing strategies, aiming to enhance WSN approaches based on WMAC and wireless routing protocols. The study highlights the significance of tailored communication protocols for resource-constrained environments, emphasizing channel and route control. It underscores the necessity for classified results derived from appropriate experimental conditions to extract essential insights. Challenges pertaining to energy-efficient channel management policies, medium utilization quality, energy-aware WMAC routines, node vitality, connectiv-ity, and optimized neighbor discovery processes are thoroughly examined. Given the susceptibility of battery-powered sensor nodes to unforeseen energy depletion, the article underscores the dynamic nature of HWSNs in real-time scenarios. It critically analyzes recent research endeavors in addressing these challenges, evaluating their technical advantages, limitations, and scientific contributions. Notably, it focuses on energy-efficient WMAC principles, optimized medium utilization, and energy-sensitive wireless routing protocols within HWSNs.