An Invariant Set Construction Method, Applied to Safe Coordination of Thermostatic Loads

We consider the problem of coordinating a collection of switched subsystems under both local and global constraints for safe operation of the system. Although an invariant set can be leveraged to construct a safety-guaranteed controller for this kind of problem, computing an invariant set is not scalable to high-dimensional systems. In this article, we introduce a strategy to obtain an implicit representation of a controlled invariant set for a collection of switched subsystems and construct a safety-guaranteed controller to coordinate the subsystems using the representation. Specifically, we incorporate the invariant set into a model predictive controller to guarantee safety and recursive feasibility. Since the amount of computations is independent of the number of subsystems, this approach scales to large collections of switched subsystems. We use our approach to safely control a collection of thermostatically controlled loads to provide grid balancing services. The problem includes constraints on each load's temperature and the duration it must remain in a mode after a switch and on aggregate power consumption to ensure network safety. Numerical simulations show that the proposed approach outperforms benchmark strategies in terms of safety and recursive feasibility.