Modeling and Validation of Driving Performance of Electric Vehicle Converted From Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle

The conversion of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles into electric vehicles (EVs) is being explored as an alternative solution for addressing environmental pollution. In this study, we converted an ICE vehicle equipped with manual transmissions (MTs) into an EV and developed an EV dynamics model to predict its performance. The accuracy of the model was validated through actual performance tests, including driving range, maximum velocity, and acceleration tests, which demonstrated high similarity between the predicted and observed results. Additionally, an optimization framework was developed to determine the optimal number of battery cells and connections necessary to achieve the desired mileage performance by including a gear shift schedule. Because of the lack of MTs in most new EVs, previous studies have not fully considered gear shift schedules. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to incorporate a shift schedule into battery optimization simulations. By employing the optimization framework, we estimated the optimal number of batteries required for conversion to an EV that meets the target mileage and acceleration performance. This provides valuable guidelines for reducing costs and weight while satisfying customer requirements for the converted EV.