Design and Optimizing of Smart IoT-Based Irrigation Systems to Minimize Water Usage and Reduce Agricultural Costs

The growing global demand for sustainable and efficient agricultural practices has required the development of advanced irrigation systems that optimize water usage and minimize associated costs. This paper presents an investigation into the design and optimization of IoT-based smart irrigation systems employing the black hole optimization (BHO) algorithm. With the aim of minimizing water usage and reducing agricultural costs, the research utilizes the evolutionary algorithms (EA) in addressing related challenges. The paper demonstrates how BHO can be applied to enhance the performance of smart irrigation systems, specifically in achieving optimal water usage patterns while minimizing overall agricultural costs. The study highlights the efficacy of the proposed approach in achieving superior water conservation and cost reduction compared to conventional methods. The findings demonstrate the potential of BHO-driven IoT systems in fostering sustainable agricultural practices and encouraging further exploration in the domain of precision farming.