Optimizing Smart City Virtual Power Plants with V2G Integration for Improved Grid Resilience

Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is coming as the must need option for the modern-day electricity grid to build a robust smart city framework, where electric vehicles (EV) will play a crucial role. Here, in this review article the authors have tried to focus on the state of art studies regarding the integration of EVs in a VPP environment. Primarily the study discusses about the fundamentals of VPP and detailed view of some different additional structural elements alongside their characteristics. VPPs are small power systems that can work simultaneously with or independent of the larger grid similar to a microgrid. They use renewable energy and various energy storage technologies. The paper then goes on to describe V2G technology, which uses batteries from EVs to power the grid in an emergency. The possibilities for a robust VPP system increase with the addition of V2G technology because it provides alternative sources of energy and storage. The report discusses various advantages of integrating V2G technology in VPP, such as increased energy efficiency, lower operating costs, grid stability. Furthermore, it includes details on the deployment of V2G technology will include VPP, such as standardized systems and communication systems. The study also signifies and examines in detail the current research on the integration of V2G technologies in VPPs. This VPP includes a comprehensive review of the existing literature on V2G technologies, VPP transitions, and interoperability of V2G technology applications. The review finds significant research related to V2G technologies and adaptive VPPs. However, it finds a paucity of research explicitly dedicated to integrating V2G technologies into VPPs. This requirement comprises a detailed assessment of the sociological and economic issues that may impact V2G technology adoption, as well as a thorough investigation of the technical aspects of V2G technology integration.