Cyberattacks and Cybersecurity in Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been used in significant areas such as aerospace and defense where robust cybersecurity is crucial. This paper mainly deals with cyberattacks and cybersecurity in AM and highlights the challenges of AM in cybersecurity, but cybersecurity in Industry 4.0, cyber-physical systems (CPSs), Internet of things (IoT), industrial control systems, digital manufacturing (DM), and general manufacturing is also introduced because they are closely associated with AM or have an inclusive relationship with AM. The digital thread of AM makes AM vulnerable to cyberattacks. Targets of cyberattacks included CAD model files, STL files, toolpath or G-code files, machines, sensors, actuators, controllers, etc. The digital thread with the physical supply chain makes the AM supply chain vulnerable to cyberattacks. Countermeasures for AM systems include authentication, watermarking, obfuscation, cryptographic techniques, improved software checks, anomaly detection, and improved process monitoring.