Diagnosing Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy with AI Algorithms Based on Facial Images: a Review

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a common orbital disease that can cause visual impairment and affect patients’ appearance, hindering them from being able to work. This article provides the most up-to-date information on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for the diagnosis of TAO. This research particularly focuses on using facial image-based artificial intelligence for early disease diagnosis and timely treatment, as these are the two most developed fields. In search of the latest innovations, we reviewed only the most recent publications of specific types published from 2000 to 2024. Eventually, we selected the five most relevant ones for our work. In all the reviewed studies, artificial intelligence algorithms were compared with experts, and they reached acceptable results. In conclusion, there is significant potential for the use of artificial intelligence in the early diagnosis of TAO in the future.