Emergence, Evolution, and Applications of Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Society

With rapid technological advancement, cyber-physical systems (CPS) become an emerging era of engineered systems based on computing, networking, and control technologies that revolutionize human lives. New and smart CPS drives innovation and competition in industrial automation, transportation, healthcare applications, etc. Therefore, it is essential to explore the area. The paper presents the emergence of CPS. It includes CPS’s evolution, its necessity, and its importance. Then, we explore the diverse applications of CPS in a smart society. Next, we explore various challenges and recent state-of-the-art to overcome these challenges. CPS connects strongly to the currently prevalent terms Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet, Industry 4.0, and Internet of Everything. All of these illustrate a technology that fundamentally connects the physical and digital worlds. CPS is more foundational and durable than all of these. Thus, the work presented here provides a view of substantial social consequences, making its trend progressive.