Transitional Study of Diverse Geometrical Patch Antennas with Secure Unitary Physical Size, Ground Plane, Excitation Feed, and Impedance Matching Point

This study explores transitions from a simple secure fundamental unitary square patch to a secure unitary circular patch, maintaining a constant physical patch area, ground plane size, and coaxially fed fixed ratio excitation point. Transition shape-geometry includes the square (unitary fundamental), rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, and circle. At each transition shape, critical antenna parameters such as the resonant frequency, VSWR, and radiation pattern have been studied using HFSS software and the transitional differences are analyzed and compared. Key findings include a tendency for weak resonances that exists at the fundamental resonant frequency of the unitary square patch across all the transitional patch shapes, featuring a strong dependency of resonance frequency on patch geometry, a shift in resonant frequency towards the higher side of the frequency spectrum, and a significant influence of transition shapes on patch antenna radiation patterns. The study crusade that a combination of shapes-geometric patterns can be utilized to synthesize higher resonant frequencies, realize multiple operational bandwidths, and enable a distinct radiation pattern while maintaining fixed physical attributes. Validation is demonstrated through a simulated combinatorial half-square and half-circle patch of constant unitary area. This analysis presents essential insights for creating signature unitary-pixel patch antennas, tailored for specific application scenarios.