Comparison of environmentally sustainable 4-wheeler transportation in India using life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions

With its adverse effects, global warming has pushed for the penetration of alternate clean energy source vehicles to reduce the impact of GHG emissions from the transportation sector. In India, a major chunk of 4-wheeler sales happens in hatchback segments. So, this study has addressed a detailed life cycle emission analysis of a petrol ICEV, CNG, EV, and petrol-hybrid car to analyze the viability of these alternate clean energy fuel vehicles to replace the conventional petrol ICEV. The results showed that EV and petrol-hybrid in the hatchback segment showed equally lesser life-cycle emissions by 15% compared to petrol ICEV. Surprisingly, though the CO2 emission of CNG vehicles was found to be lesser than petrol ICEV by 7%, its total GHG emission showed the opposite result.