Skin-Patchable Electromagnetic Biosensors for Noninvasive and Wireless Glucose Monitoring

Monitoring blood glucose concentration is crucial in diagnosing and predicting clinical diabetes progression. However, the invasion of blood sampled by venipuncture and the informative delay of alternative biofluids inevitably affect dynamic and accurate monitoring. Here, we proposed a skin-patchable, noninvasive, and wireless blood glucose biosensing system composed of a flexible electromagnetic resonant circuit and a wireless data acquisition unit, correlating the S parameter shifts and glucose level-inducing blood dielectric property alteration. Ex vivo and volunteer hypo- to hyperglycemic monitoring validations achieved supered fidelity and correlation with high sensitivity > 0.0626°/(mg/dl). The correlation coefficient values were 0.996 and 0.945 for ex vivo mammalian skin and healthy volunteers’ oral glucose tolerance tests, comparable to commercial blood glucose meters. Emerging noninvasive and wireless modalities would strive to bridge gaps between minimal discomfort and reliable measurements, spurring the widespread adoption of this portable blood glucose monitoring system.