Probe-Fed Millimeter-Wave and Subterahertz Antenna Measurements: Challenges and solutions

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and subterahertz (sub-THz) technologies have attracted considerable research interest because of their potential to fulfill the dramatically increased demands for the highly compact and large data-rate communication system. Due to the small antenna size in such a high-frequency range, probe-based measurement, rather than connector-based, plays a critical role in antenna characterization. However, there are multiple challenges associated with probe-based antenna measurement, including probe metallic shell reflection, probe self-radiation, parasitic effects induced by the probe pads, and microscope involvement for precise probe alignment. These challenges necessitate the use of innovative measurement setups and techniques for accurate and reliable probe-based antenna measurement. This article provides a thorough analysis of the most significant recent advancements in the field of probe-based measurements for mm-wave and sub-THz/THz antennas. All of the challenges related to probe-based antenna measurement are first introduced and discussed in detail. Then, there is a thorough compilation of the most recent trends and methods of probe-based antenna measurement. It also outlines some potential directions for future trends in this area. This review article is expected to motivate and inspire researchers to develop innovative measurement setups and techniques to promote precise and accurate characterization for mm-wave and sub-THz antennas.